The theoretical model proposed by modern physics to explain the world has developed two mutually incompatible pillar systems of relativity and quantum mechanics. The theory of relativity describes the laws and order of the cosmogonic world, explains the law of conservation of mass and energy, black holes, gravitational lensing and other issues, and puts forward theoretical assumptions such as the singularity, the Big Bang, and the inflationary universe theory. Quantum mechanics describes the law and order of the motion of microscopic particles and proposes principles such as the uncertainty principle, quantum entanglement, quantum decoherence, and quantum field theory. However, physicists have thought experiments such as the double-slit interference, Schrödinger's cat, EPR paradox, etc.; philosophers have thought experiments such as the Twin Earth, Brains in a vat, Mary's black and white room; science fiction writers have thought experiments such as the Dyson spheres, gravitational slingshots, and warp engines; computer scientists have thought experiments such as the Turing test, Chinese room, mind uploading, and silicon-based life. These thought experiments, along with scientific experiments that are both verifiable and falsifiable, contribute to the continuous development of modern physics and human knowledge. Contemporary art is also a kind of thought experiment that constantly pursues transcendence and detachment. From Marcel Duchamp's Fountain, Joseph Kosuth's One and Three Chairs, Andy Warhol's Brillo Box to Philosopher Graham Harman's art text The Third Table at Documenta 2012, the thought experiment of contemporary art did not lead to the end of art. On the contrary, it ushered in a new beginning of art development because of emancipating the mind and removing the obscurity, regulation, and domestication of the existing system and inertia. Thought experiments reflect the evolution and refreshment of artistic concepts and practical philosophy, thereby reconstructing the historical framework and artistic futurology in both directions. More potential artistic facts, artistic categories, and artistic horizons are awakened, empowered and activated, thus becoming a more diverse and self-sufficient form of energy for art. Thought experiments, knowledge production, and cognitive transitions in different fields have constructed an infinite vision of the cross-border intersection and integration of human thought.